City of Walls: Summary Introduction. ANTHROPOLOGY WITH AN ACCENT

Het omniversum van angst en criminaliteit had basaal gezien twee manieren van discriminatie tot gevolg: de privatisering van veiligheid en de ‘seclusion’ van sommige sociale groepen in gefortifiseerde enclaves. Beide processen veranderde het idee van de publieke ruimte en van het publiek.
Over de enclaves: ‘the new model of segregation separates social groups with an explicitness that transforms the quality of public space. … The new urban environment that enforces and values inequalities and separations is an undemocratic and nonmodern public space.’
Het onderzoek van Caldeira strekt zich uit van 1988 tot 2000. Ze deed onderzoek naar drie verschillende gebieden in de stad:
1. Poor working-class periphery, created through ‘autoconstruction’. Most of her research was conducted in Jardim das Camélias, in the eastern part of São Miguel Paulista.
2. Lower-middle-class neighborhood close to downtown: Moόca, an deindustrialised area with a lot of cortiços.
3. upper-middle-class neighborhoods: Morumbi and Alto de Pinheiros. Closed condominiums.

Caldeira, T.P.R. City of Walls: Crime, Segregation and Citizenship in São Paulo, University of California Press, 2000, p1-16.